China

A new documentary on the pall blanketing China’s skies by a former state television reporter swiftly commandeered the attention of tens of millions online over the weekend.

Titled “Under the Dome,” the film is an impassioned production by Chai Jing, a well-known journalist who left China Central Television last year shortly after the birth of her first child. Since its release online on Saturday, it has racked up some 100 million views on major Chinese video portals such as Tencent and Youku.

The film’s release comes just days before the start of China’s most public annual political event – the meetings of the national legislature and a government advisory body. The environment is expected to figure prominently among the topics discussed.

The film shows Ms. Chai showing a sonogram of her unborn baby daughter, who was diagnosed with a benign tumor at birth and had to be swiftly operated upon.

“Before, I never paid attention to pollution. Wherever I went, I never wore a mask,” Ms. Chai says. But with the birth of her child, — whom she likens to a prisoner for most of her first year, kept inside away from the smog – Ms. Chai says she felt compelled to investigate the issue.

An analysis led by the Boston-based Health Effects Institute estimated that the country’s smog was responsible for some 1.2 million premature deaths in 2010 alone.

Deeply emotive, the film draws on a number of materials, from footage of her time as a reporter to official interviews to cartoon depictions of various pollutants, each wielding tiny axes directed at the human nose and throat.

“You don’t have any choice about breathing, there’s no way to avoid it,” Ms. Chai tells her audience in the documentary, throughout which she paces before a screen showing video clips or charts in a manner reminiscent of Al Gore’s call-to-action film on climate change, “An Inconvenient Truth.”

In one particularly harrowing scene in “Under the Dome,” a doctor pulls out pieces of lymph node from a female lung cancer patient in her 50s. They are filthy and blackened from breathing the air, though the woman has never been a smoker.

The newly appointed environment minister, Chen Jining, told reporters on Sunday that he sent Ms. Chai a text to thank her for her work. The official China News Service reported that Mr. Chen drew parallels between the film and Rachel Carson’s 1962 book Silent Spring, which helped galvanize the environmental movement in the U.S.

Many others took to social media to praise Ms. Chai’s piece, which rapidly became one of the top-trending items Sunday. “My respect to the brave Chai Jing,” wrote Chinese real estate mogul Pan Shiyi on his verified microblogging account on Weibo. “She’s a heroine.”

China has begun taking more aggressive steps against pollution. But while in 2014, concentration of PM2.5 in 74 major Chinese cities fell by 11%, according to official data, only eight of them met national standards, which are considerably laxer than World Health Organization ones.

Over the past few years, China’s growing middle class has grown increasingly more vocal and concerned about air pollution, especially since 2013, when the government began releasing PM2.5 information following public pressure. Air masks have become a more common sight in big cities, while apps tracking daily smog levels have proliferated.

Ms. Chai didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment. In an interview posted to the website of People’s Daily, she said she spent about 1 million yuan of her own funds on the project.

A journalist who built a reputation for herself investigating the SARS pneumonia outbreak and coal mine accidents, Ms. Chai tackles questions such as why air pollution spikes in Beijing overnight. She finds that despite being marked as meeting national standards, many diesel trucks don’t carry the required emissions-control equipment, something that a Beijing environmental official acknowledges on camera is a widespread problem.

While laws may be stringent in China, enforcement is another question: to date no manufacturers of such lorries have yet been punished under the law, Ms. Chai says.

Ms. Chai’s film also drew attention for its focus on state-owned oil firms and her criticism of the country’s lagging fuel standards. An official she interviews on camera tells her that’s because industry representatives dominate the committee charged with helping set such standards.

The film has moments of small uplift, such as when Ms. Chai reports a nearby vendor cooking meat-filled pastries for failing to install the required equipment to minimize its emissions; the equipment is subsequently added. She concludes by exhorting viewers to do the same and help alert authorities to any violations.

“This is how history is made. With thousands of ordinary people one day saying, ‘No, I’m not satisfied, I don’t want to wait…I want to stand up and do a little something,’” says Ms. Chai in the film’s closing moments.

– Te-Ping Chen with contributions from Yang Jie

http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2015/03/02/pollution-documentary-under-the-dome-blankets-chinese-internet/tab/print/

http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/01/documentary-on-air-pollution-in-china-grips-a-nation/?_r=1

Millions of Chinese, riveted and outraged, watched a 104-minute documentary video over the weekend that begins with a slight woman in jeans and a white blouse walking on to a stage dimly lit in blue. As an audience looks on somberly, the woman, Chai Jing, displays a graph of brown-red peaks with occasional troughs.

“This was the PM 2.5 curve for Beijing in January 2013, when there were 25 days of smog in that one month,” explains Ms. Chai, a former Chinese television reporter, referring to a widely used gauge of air pollution. Back then, she says, she paid little attention to the smog engulfing much of China and affecting 600 million people, even as her work took her to places where the air was acrid with fumes and dust.

“But,” Ms. Chai says with a pause, “when I returned to Beijing, I learned that I was pregnant.”

She has said her concerns about what the filthy air would mean for her infant daughter’s health prompted her to produce the documentary, “Under the Dome.” It was published online Saturday, and swiftly inspired an unusually passionate eruption of public and mass media discussion. The newly appointed minister of environmental protection even likened the documentary to “Silent Spring,” Rachel Carson’s landmark exposé of chemical pollution.

“I’d never felt afraid of pollution before, and never wore a mask no matter where,” Ms. Chai, 39, says in the video. “But when you carry a life in you, what she breathes, eats and drinks are all your responsibility, and then you feel the fear.”

By early Monday morning, “Under the Dome” had been played more than 20 million times on Youku, a popular video-sharing site, and it was also being viewed widely on other sites.

Tens of thousands of viewers posted comments about the video, many of them parents who identified with Ms. Chai’s concern for her daughter. Some praised her for forthrightly condemning the industrial interests, energy conglomerates and bureaucratic hurdles that she says have obstructed stronger action against pollution. Others lamented that she was able to do so only after leaving her job with the state-run China Central Television.

“Support Chai Jing or those like her who stand up like this to speak the truth,” said one of the comments — which exceeded 25,000 by Sunday afternoon — on Youku. “In this messed-up country that’s devoid of law, cold-hearted, numb and arrogant, they’re like an eye-grabbing sign that shocks the soul.”

The documentary is part science lecture, part investigative exposé and part memoir, and Ms. Chai’s own story has become a focus of praise and criticism. Ms. Chai and her husband were wealthy and privileged enough for her to have given birth in the United States, according to a flurry of news reports last year, and some comments accused her of hypocrisy. Her daughter was born with a benign tumor that required surgery; newspapers have quoted scientists who have challenged Ms. Chai’s suggestion in the video that smog was to blame.

But most of the reaction welcomed her initiative in producing and posting the documentary with her own money. Indeed, some have wondered how Ms. Chai got away with it.

China has been tightening restrictions on the Internet, and the documentary is somewhat critical of the government. Access to the video was not blocked, but by Sunday evening popular Chinese websites had removed prominent headlines and links about “Under the Dome” from their front pages, possibly at the behest of nervous propaganda officials.

Some officials, however, may even welcome it as an opportunity to build support for anti-smog measures. The website of People’s Daily, the main Communist Party newspaper, was one of the first to post “Under the Dome.” And the new minister of environmental protection, Chen Jining, praised the video.

Mr. Chen said at a news conference for Chinese reporters in Beijing on Sunday that the documentary reminded him of Ms. Carson’s “Silent Spring,” which on publication in 1962 inspired a public uproar about excessive use of pesticides, The Beijing Times reported, citing the Xinhua news agency.

“I think this work has an important role in promoting public awareness of environmental health issues,” Mr. Chen said, “so I’m particularly pleased about this event.”

Ms. Chai, 39, was born in Shanxi Province, a part of China abundant in coal, and bathed in noxious pollution. She told the website of People’s Daily that she decided to set aside worries about making her daughter the subject of a video.

“If I had not had this kind of emotional impetus,” she told the website, “I would have found it very difficult to spend such a long time completing this.”