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Heatstroke Fear Cited In Campaign Against Idling Ban

May Chan, SCMP – Jul 31, 2008

Taxi, minibus and bus drivers have demanded that the government shelve plans for a law next year banning idling engines, citing the risk of heatstroke in summer.

Representatives from the Motor Transport Workers General Union said yesterday temperatures inside the vehicles could top 40 degrees Celsius within minutes of the air conditioning being turned off.

The union organised for Environment Bureau officials to sit inside an unventilated taxi on July 22, with the temperature rising from 25 degrees to 50 in less than half an hour after the driver turned off the air conditioner.

Union second vice-chairman Chung Lin-wah said overheated vehicles could become “time bombs” threatening the safety of road users and the general public.

“We urge the government to take responsibility for ensuring road safety, as well as a decent, safe working environment for drivers,” Mr Chung said. “The legislative plan for a ban on idling engines is unrealistic. It does not consider the particulars of Hong Kong’s climate, and the potential dangers to drivers in overheated vehicles.

“Imagine what would happen if drivers should suffer from heatstroke when they are driving. It would be a very violent, bloody picture that none of us would want to see.”

He also called on the Kowloon Motor Bus Company to speed up the replacement of its 200 or so non-air-conditioned buses.

Heat was cited as a factor in the death of a man in his 80s on Saturday. On the same day, the driver of a non-air-conditioned KMB bus had to stop driving after being overcome by the heat and called an ambulance.

Even drivers of air-conditioned buses can be affected by the heat. Lam Miu-ling, another KMB driver, felt unwell after getting into a hot bus on Sunday and had to take four days of sick leave.

Chu Pun-din, director of the New World First Bus branch of the union, said more drivers than normal had been calling in sick over the past week because of the heatwave.

He urged bus companies to review staff policies to ensure drivers took adequate breaks in summer.

A KMB spokesman said all its non-air-conditioned buses would be retired by 2012. He also said the company had seen no significant rise in sick leave taken by drivers in the past two weeks.

A New World First Bus spokeswoman said drivers’ break times were  sufficient.

A Transport Department spokesman said it reviewed companies’ bus-retirement plans every year and no bus could be in service for longer than 17 years.

An Environment Bureau spokesman said the government was still analysing opinion from the transport sector and other groups on the proposed ban on idling engines.

Report: Identifying Dominant Sources of Respirable Suspended Particulates in Guangzhou, China

Yu Song, Wei Dai, Xuesong Wang,* Mingming Cui, Hang Su, Shaodong Xie, and Yuanhang Zhang, Department of Environmental Sciences, Peking University – January 1, 2008

Abstract

Respirable suspended particulates (RSP, i.e., particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less) were measured in 2004 and 2005 at seven sites in the rapidly developing Guangzhou area of China. The average RSP concentration was 126 μg m-3, a high level that could be very harmful to human health. The chemical species composition of the RSP, including organic and elemental carbon, water-soluble ions, and elemental compositions, was also analyzed. The organics and sulfate may be the major components of RSP mass concentrations. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the sources of RSP as secondary sulfates (32%), secondary nitrates (6%), biomass burning (15%), coal fly ash/cement (18%), sea salt (3%), crustal dust (5%), vehicle exhaust (6%), and coal-fired power plants (3%). Reducing coal combustion and controlling vehicle emissions would alleviate RSP pollution, as most of the precursors were components of coal burning emissions and vehicular exhaust.

Conclusions

Guangzhou, a rapidly developing megacity in China, suffers from a high level of RSP pollution. Our results show that organics and sulfate were dominant in RSP mass concentrations. Climatologic conditions, that is, high temperature, high RH, and strong solar radiation, determined by the geographic location of Guangzhou (low latitude and proximity to the sea), resulted in high rates of VOC transformation to secondary organics and SO2 transformation to secondary sulfate. However, ammonium nitrate was unstable at high temperatures. These results also demonstrated the spatial
variability of RSP levels. Urban and industrial areas often had higher levels of RSP pollution. Source apportionment identified three major sources contributing to RSP pollution: secondary products, coal fly ash/cement, and biomass burning.

To alleviate RSP pollution in Guangzhou, some control measures should be implemented. First, reducing or replacing coal-fired power stations with advanced coal gasification technologies and desulfurizing the smoke emitted by coal-fired manufacturing plants could be important pathways to control SO2 and coal fly ash emission. These methods could help abate the secondary sulfate and coal fly ash in RSP. Second, public transportation such as subways and buses should be improved to limit the further increase in the number of automobiles, given that more than 80% of vehicles in Guangzhou were private cars. The gaseous precursors of NOx and VOCs emitted mostly from motor vehicles could be transformed to SOC and secondary nitrate. Third, growing grass or paving bare surfaces may limit the amount of cement dust entering the air. Construction projects should be well managed. Finally, the contribution of biomass burning was high in Guangzhou, especially in suburban areas. Some measures should be implemented to control these cultivation activities in farmlands. It is important to note, however, that atmospheric pollution is a regional problem, and the government of Guangzhou will need to negotiate with other administrations to control RSP levels in the study area.

The factor analysis method is only one way to apportion the sources of RSP; other methods, such as the bottom-up approach, should be implemented to obtain the source inventory in the future. Accurate source profiles should also be measured to better represent the conditions in Guangzhou and may be better applied in the multivariate method. Although seven sampling locations were used in this study, the number of sites is insufficient for evaluation of RSP pollution across Guangzhou; dispersion models, for example, MODEL-3 and CAMx, that include physical and chemical
processes, could solve this problem.

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